2025年11月9日星期日
账单/案件/国税局
虚假买卖鉴定损害赔偿三倍
American Properties Co. G.P.诉The Welfont Group LLC等人; 22 - cv - 02329
美国地产股份有限公司,原告,诉。
被告韦方特集团有限责任公司、税务评估集团有限责任公司和琳达·斯库尔。
在美国田纳西州西部地区的地方法院
西方的部门
命令部分批准和部分拒绝缺席判决的补充动议
Before the Court is Plaintiff American Properties, Co. G.P.’s Supplemental Motion for Default Judgment (ECF No. 70), filed June 23, 2025. On October 12, 2022, default was granted as to Defendants The Welfont Group, LLC ("Welfont"), Tax Appraisal Group, LLC ("TAG"), and Lynda Scull (together, "Defendants")1, following multiple warnings of their need to participate in this litigation. (ECF No. 40 ("Clerk’s Entry of Default").) On September 19, 2023, a default judgment was granted, again based on those same defendants’ failure to participate. (ECF第66号) However, the amount of the judgment could not be ascertained because of an appeal pending at the time before the Internal Revenue Services ("IRS"). (参见id)。
现在,原告请求违约判决金额为7,107,296美元,其中包括1,751,824美元的实际损害赔偿,5,255,472美元的三重损害赔偿根据田纳西州消费者保护法。 安的代码。 §47-18-101 et seq. ("TCPA"), and $100,000 in attorney’s fees pursuant to the TCPA, against Defendants jointly and severally. (ECF第70号,页号469) 被告没有回应。
基于以下原因,本动议部分被批准,部分被拒绝。
背景
In July 2018, Plaintiff was looking to sell a piece of real property ("the Property") in Memphis, Tennessee, when Welfont presented an unconventional offer. (ECF 1号,页号7) 原告要求赔偿3,995,000美元,但Welfont另有打算。 (Id。 (页码6) If Plaintiff could get a higher-value appraisal that the IRS would accept — a "Qualified Appraisal" — and then sell the Property to a qualified charitable organization for below that amount, Welfont explained, Plaintiff would receive a substantial tax deduction worth the difference between the two. (Id)。 原告同意,因此,为了实现销售,双方签订了一份房地产购买协议。 (Id。 (页码9) 根据协议,Welfont将获得约5,388,000美元的财产合格评估,原告将以2,000,000.3美元的价格将财产出售给合格的慈善组织。 Welfont还将获得62403美元的佣金。 (Id)。
Welfont随后将原告介绍给TAG, TAG与原告签订合同,为该财产提供合格评估,费用为1,000美元。 (Id。 (页码9) Lynda Scull, TAG’s manager, exercised complete dominion and control over TAG’s finances, policies, and business practices. (Id。 页码20)。 As Plaintiff would later discover, not only was TAG "grossly undercapitalized," diverting its earnings and assets directly to Scull, but its appraisal was not even an actual Qualified Appraisal. (Id。 12岁,20岁。)
Relying on the three Defendants’ promises and appraisal, Plaintiff sold the Property to a charitable organization in May 2019 for $2,160,000, and claimed a deduction of $2,595,000 on its 2019 tax return. (Id。 (页码11) Unbeknownst to Plaintiff, however, on the same day it sold the Property, an alter ego of Welfont purchased the Property from the charity for only $2,650,000 — radically undermining the appraised value of $5,388,000. (Id)。
美国国税局注意到了。 In a later audit of Plaintiff’s 2019 tax return, the IRS found that (1) the appraisal Plaintiff relied on was not a Qualified Appraisal; (2)该财产的公允市场价值为265万美元,低于原告的预期; (3) Plaintiff’s deduction contribution from the sale of the Property was reduced from $2,595,000 to a mere $490,000; (4)原告至少欠571,765美元的税款、费用、开支和诉讼费。 (Id。 页码11-13)。
原告起诉被告,指控:(1)违反合同; (二)过失失实的; (三)欺诈或者推定欺诈; (4)疏忽; (五)违反TCPA的; (六)穿面纱; (七)民事串谋。 (ECF第1号) 尽管服兵役,被告从未出现在本案中。 Because of Defendants’ lack of appearance, the Clerk entered default (ECF No. 40), and Plaintiff filed its motion for default judgment (ECF No. 43). Based on Plaintiff’s motion and a hearing on January 19, 2023, the Court granted in part a default judgment against Defendants, finding them liable to Plaintiff for all claims. (ECF第66号)
As discussed at the hearing, the damages resulting from Defendants’ actions equal the tax liability imposed on Plaintiff. (参见id)。 然而,在聆讯时,原告正在就税务责任提出上诉,因此法院暂停了对缺席判决的损害赔偿的计算。 (参见id)。 一年半过去了。
然后,在法院于2025年5月12日要求告知行政上诉的状态(ECF第67号)之后,原告在一周后提供了更新(ECF第68号)。 美国国税局于2024年8月28日发布了《合伙企业最终调整通知》,确定截至该日期,原告欠下1,088,344美元和217,669美元的罚款。 (Id。 PageID 454; 另见ECF第68-1号)。 Because Plaintiff disagreed with some of the IRS’ methodologies and calculations, it filed a Petition for Readjustment in the United States Tax Court. (ECF第68号,页号454-55) 然而,考虑到诉讼的时间,法院没有等待税务法院的裁决,而是命令原告提交一份补充动议,要求缺席判决 (ECF第69号) 原告于2025年6月23日这样做了(见ECF第70号),现在该动议的审查时机已经成熟。
分析
When a party defaults, it "effectively admits all well-pleaded allegations in the Complaint." BMO Bank, N.A. v.l ensnyder Trucking LLC, No. 1:24-CV-01089-STA-jay, 2024 WL 4469114, at *1 (wdn . Tenn)。 第1:24-CV-01089-STA-jay号,2024 WL 4467532 (w.d.n n)。 2024年10月10日)(引用《远见工程》。 诉美国Fid。 和瓜尔豆。(1981年第6期)。 However, "‘a default admits only the defendant’s liability’ but ‘the amount of damages must be proved.’" New London Tobacco Mkt., Inc.诉肯塔基州 燃料公司,44 F.4th 393, 403(第6 Cir. 2022)(引用Antoine诉Atlas Turner, Inc., 66 F.3d 105, 110(第6 Cir. 1995))。
原告要求对诉状中的每一项罪名进行赔偿,如下所述。
一、合同损害赔偿
First, the Court found Welfont and TAG liable for breach of two contracts — the Purchase Agreement with Welfont, and the Contract with TAG. (ECF第66号,页号448-49)
In Tennessee, the default measure of expectation damages is "awarding the party the benefit of its bargain." Mueller Brass Co.诉Crompton, No. 2 - 20- cv -2496- shl - atc, 2024 WL 2303953, at *3 (w.d.n n)。 2024年5月21日)(摘自阿尔斯布鲁克诉协和职业学院案)。公司,469 F。 补编3d 805,826 (w.d.n nn. 2020))。 "Damages in breach of contract cases are nothing more than payment in money for actual losses caused by the breach of contract." 奥尔斯布鲁克,469楼。 补编3d at 856(引自Custom Built Homes诉G.S. Hinsen Co., No. 01A01-9511-CV-00513, 1998 WL 960287, at *4 (Tenn))。 Ct。 App. 1998年2月6日))。
在购买协议中,Welfont同意了一项交易,该交易将为原告带来大量的税收减免。 为了支持该交易,TAG同意获得约5,388,000美元的财产合格评估。 (ECF第71号,页号479) 由于原告因每次违约而遭受的实际损失等于纳税义务加上罚款,因此赔偿与每个合同相关的损失是适当的。
二世。 侵权损害赔偿
A.欺诈、推定欺诈和过失虚假陈述
Welfont和TAG对原告的欺诈、推定欺诈和过失失实陈述负有责任,因此损害赔偿也适用于这些索赔。 (ECF 66号,页号449-50) Welfont和TAG均向原告表示,该物业的公平市场价值约为5,388,000美元,并且他们可以获得该价值的合格评估。 (ECF第71号,页号479) 他们虚假地表示,原告可以根据公平市场价值与合格慈善买家支付的价格之间的差额获得税收减免。 (Id)。 Plaintiff reasonably relied on Defendants’ false representations, both negligent and intentional, and suffered loss. (Id。 页号480)。 因此,原告有资格根据其因虚假陈述而遭受的经济损失获得损害赔偿。
b .疏忽
被告对原告的过失负有责任,因为他们对原告负有使用合理注意以确保原告获得合格鉴定的义务,却没有这样做,致使原告遭受经济损失。 (ECF第66号,页号450) A plaintiff injured by another person’s negligence is entitled to compensatory damages under Tennessee law. 特纳奇诉奥尔德姆案,346 F。 补编3d 1141、1156(田纳西州联邦法院2018年)(引自Dedmon诉Steelman案,535 S.W.3d 431、437(田纳西州法院2017年))。 这些可以是经济损害赔偿,补偿因不法行为造成的实际经济损失。 Id。 (引用餐饮公司诉福特汽车公司案,417 S.W.3d 414, 419-20(田纳西州,2013))。 原告因未获得合格鉴定而遭受了可量化的经济损失,有权获得赔偿。
C.违反TCPA
法院认定被告违反了TCPA,故意向原告,一个合理的消费者,就合格评估作出虚假的重大陈述,并使原告遭受经济损失。 (ECF 66号,页号450-51) 根据TCPA,原告可以就其经济损失获得赔偿。 看到田纳西州。 安的代码。 §47-18-109.
三世。 责任理论
A.穿面纱
Because TAG was an alter ego of Scull, TAG’s corporate veil was pierced, and its liability is also Scull’s liability. (ECF第66号,页号451) 因此,Scull对涉及TAG的损害负责。
B.民事共谋
被告参与民事串谋,因为他们一致行动,虚假地表示他们将获得合格评估,以诱使原告以低于市场价值的价格出售该财产,并给原告造成经济损失。 (Id。 页号450-51。) "Once the evidence establishes the existence of a civil conspiracy, the members of the conspiracy are jointly and severally liable for all the damages caused by the other conspirators, even if they did not commit tortious or wrongful acts themselves." 斯坦菲尔诉哈德尼案 M200402768COAR3CV, 2007 WL 2827498, at *7 (n.) Ct。 App. 2007年9月27日)。 因此,原告可以根据这些理由向被告寻求损害赔偿。
四、损害赔偿的计算
Based on Defendants’ liability, Plaintiff seeks actual damages, treble damages, and reasonable attorney’s fees. (见ECF第71号,第485页。) 由于民事阴谋的存在,以及TAG公司的面纱被戳穿以达到Scull,各被告对原告违约、过失失实陈述、欺诈和推定欺诈、疏忽和违反TCPA承担连带责任。
根据《合伙企业最终调整通知》,美国国税局要求原告赔偿1,306,013美元。 (ECF第71号,页号485) 这笔款项包括初步估算少付1 088 344美元加上罚款217 669美元。 (Id)。 此外,截至2025年6月23日,索赔金额的利息约为445,811美元。 (Id)。 这个数字还在继续增长,目前按日复利计算为7.0%。 (Id)。 鉴于国税局的这一裁定,原告要求获得1,751,824美元的实际损害赔偿。 (Id)。 这一数额是有保证的,被告对这些损害承担连带责任。
原告还辩称,根据TCPA,被告对原告承担三倍损害赔偿的连带责任。 (Id)。 If the unfair or deceptive act was "willful and knowing," the TCPA allows for an award of three times the actual damages sustained. 看到田纳西州。 安的代码。 §47-18-109(a)(3). 鉴于欺诈的性质,三倍的损害赔偿是适当的。 看到id。 §109(a)(4). Plaintiff’s sought-after amount of treble damages — $5,255,472 — is appropriate, and all Defendants are jointly and severally liable for that amount. 因此,被告应赔偿1,751,824美元的实际损害赔偿和5,255,472美元的三重损害赔偿,共计7,007,296美元。
In addition to these damages, Plaintiff seeks attorney’s fees of $100,000, which it purports to be "reasonable." (ECF第71号,页号485) Upon the finding of a TCPA violation, "reasonable attorney’s fees and costs" are available. 田纳西州。 安的代码。 §47-18-109(e)(1). "[T]he ‘most useful starting point for determining the amount of a reasonable fee is the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.’" BKB Props., LLC诉SunTrust Bank,民事诉讼No. 3:08-cv-00529, 2010 WL 200750, at *6 (m.d.n n)。 2010年1月13日)(引用韦伯。 v.教育学院 戴尔公司,471 U.S. 234,242(1985))。 The party seeking attorney’s fees has the burden of producing documentation to support the attorney’s fee award, such as the hours worked and rates used. Id。
Although Plaintiff is entitled to attorney’s fees, the Court cannot evaluate if the sought-after amount of $100,000 is reasonable, as no documentation of the hours Plaintiff’s counsel worked or a reasonable hourly rate has been submitted. Although the Court suspects that the amount sought is a modest one, Plaintiff must submit a separate motion with the sought-after information to obtain attorney’s fees.
结论
For the preceding reasons, Defendants Welfont, TAG, and Scull are jointly and severally liable for damages resulting from Plaintiff’s claims. 被告应赔偿1,751,824美元的实际损害赔偿和5,255,472美元的三重损害赔偿,共计7,007,296美元。 However, at this time, no attorney’s fees will be awarded. Thus, Plaintiff’s Motion is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. Should Plaintiff wish to file a motion for attorney’s fees, it must do so by no later than Friday, September 26, 2025.
这是2025年9月10日的命令。
谢丽尔·h·李普曼
美国首席地区法官
脚注
1. 另有两名被告出庭,对他们的判决已经作出。 (见ECF第31号)
2. These facts are contained in Plaintiff’s complaint, and are accepted as true by virtue of Defendants’ default. 参见Antoine诉Atlas Turner, Inc., 66 F.3d 105, 110-11(1995年第6卷)。
3. 后来修改了《购买协议》,将购买价格提高到216万美元。 (Id)。
4. 法院指示原告,如果税务法庭上诉导致有利的结果或情况发生变化,原告可以在晚些时候解决该问题。 (ECF第69号,页号466)




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